Agriculture

Autumn Tale

Éric Rohmer’s 1998 Autumn Tale, the final chapter of his Tales of the Four Seasons, follows a widowed winemaker in the Rhône Valley as her friends orchestrate quiet, conflicting attempts to reintroduce her to love. Shot with calm precision by Diane Baratier and performed with understated rigour by Béatrice Romand and Marie Rivière, it locates emotional truth in hesitation, miscommunication, and the slow realignment of intention. Its power lies in restraint: no grand declarations, no dramatic reversals—just the fragile, earned possibility of connection, harvested like grapes at the right moment.

Bitter Rice

Giuseppe De Santis’s 1949 Bitter Rice follows two thieves hiding among female rice workers in Piedmont, blending neorealist location shooting with melodramatic collapse. Silvana Mangano’s debut performance anchors a film preoccupied with labour, legality, and the corrosive allure of American cultural imports — all rendered in Otello Martelli’s stark, waterlogged visuals.

Days of Heaven

Terrence Malick’s 1978 period drama follows migrant workers in 1916 Texas who entangle themselves in deception and desire on a wealthy farmer’s estate. Shot almost entirely in magic hour by Néstor Almendros, it prioritises image and atmosphere over narrative exposition. Linda Manz’s improvised narration anchors its elliptical structure. Though commercially modest, it won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography and has since been canonised for its painterly realism and meditative pacing.

Dry Summer

Metin Erksan’s 1964 Turkish drama Dry Summer follows tobacco farmer Osman, who dams a river to secure his harvest at the expense of neighbouring farmers. His younger brother Hasan reluctantly complies, then wavers; their conflict escalates legally and violently, entangling Hasan’s wife Bahar in a web of coercion, deception and retribution. Shot in stark black-and-white with minimal score and restrained performances, the film traces how property law, patriarchal control and ecological scarcity converge. It won the Golden Bear at Berlin and remains a landmark of socially engaged Turkish cinema.

God's Country

A 1985 PBS documentary by Louis Malle, filmed across six years in Glencoe, Minnesota, capturing the quiet unraveling of a farming community amid the mid-1980s agricultural crisis. Shot and edited with deliberate restraint, it observes residents’ daily lives, conversations, and surroundings without narration or exposition — offering texture over analysis, continuity over climax.

Jean de Florette

Jean de Florette is a 1986 French drama directed by Claude Berri, adapted from Marcel Pagnol’s novel. Set in rural Provence in the 1920s, it follows two farmers who sabotage a newcomer’s attempt to farm by concealing a vital spring. Shot back-to-back with its sequel Manon of the Spring, it relies on precise period detail, restrained performances, and a landscape that functions as both setting and moral arbiter.

Les glaneurs et la glaneuse... deux ans après

Two years after her acclaimed documentary about gleaning, Agnès Varda revisits its subjects and settings, filming herself as much as others. With handheld camerawork, unvarnished sound, and a gently recursive structure, the film measures time’s passage not in events but in textures — wrinkled skin, sprouting potatoes, reused objects, remembered conversations. It is a modest, self-aware extension of her earlier work, rooted in attention rather than argument.

Manon des Sources

A 1986 French drama, directed by Claude Berri and adapted from Marcel Pagnol’s novel, concluding the story begun in Jean de Florette. Set in rural Provence ten years later, it follows Manon Cadoret as she uncovers the truth behind her father’s death and orchestrates a slow, water-based reckoning against those who ruined him. Starring Yves Montand, Daniel Auteuil, and Emmanuelle Béart, it is a formally restrained, morally exacting film about inheritance, silence, and the physical reality of justice.

Cesar Chavez

Cesar Chavez co-founded the National Farm Workers Association in Delano, California in 1962. He launched an insurance scheme, credit union, and El Malcriado newspaper. He led the Delano grape strike from 1965 to 1970. His NFWA merged with Larry Itliong’s Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee in 1967 to form the United Farm Workers. He used nonviolent resistance — picketing, boycotting, public processions, Masses, and fasts — inspired by Gandhi and infused with Catholic symbolism. In the early 1970s, he opened UFW branches outside California.

Dust Bowl

Severe drought combined with farming practices that had stripped the Great Plains of native grasses produced a decade of catastrophic dust storms through the 1930s, peaking with the storm known as Black Sunday in April 1935. Federal programmes under Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal introduced soil conservation measures that cut blowing soil by roughly two-thirds by 1938, but recent scholarship has challenged the popular image of a mass exodus, arguing migration out of the Plains rose only slightly compared with the previous decade.

Barbara McClintock

George Washington Carver

Norman Borlaug

Rachel Carson

Black Desert Online

Black Desert Online replaces tab-targeting with twitch reflexes — and forces you to feed your horse before it dies in battle.

Stardew Valley

Stardew Valley is a top-down, open-ended farm life simulation where players inherit a dilapidated farm from their deceased grandfather, leave a corporate job, and rebuild life near Pelican Town in Stardew Valley.

K+S

Arla Foods

Bonduelle

Corteva

FrieslandCampina

The Mosaic Company

Nutrien

Syngenta

Syngenta is a global agricultural technology company headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, operating primarily in crop protection and seeds for farmers. It was founded in 2000 by the merger of the agrichemical businesses of Novartis and AstraZeneca. In 2004, Syngenta Seeds purchased Garst and Golden Harvest Seeds. In February 2016, ChemChina offered to purchase Syngenta for $43 billion, a deal Syngenta unanimously recommended to shareholders. In April 2017, U.S. and European antitrust authorities approved ChemChina's acquisition of Syngenta. To secure regulatory approval, ChemChina agreed to divest pesticide production of paraquat, abamectin, and chlorothalonil.

Hybrid seed

Hybrid seed is a deliberate reproductive system—not a discovery, but an industrial workaround. It locks heterosis into a commercial cycle: high yield in year one, zero reliability in year two. Jones’ double-cross method made it viable. But the mechanism demands constant parental line upkeep, excludes farmer autonomy, and treats genetic diversity as a cost—not a resource.

Agricultural robot

Combine harvester

The 1835 Moore combine was a singular integration of three harvest operations — reaping, threshing, winnowing — in one horse-drawn machine. It proved the concept could function at scale (20+ ha by 1839) but introduced no labour savings, required massive animal power (20 horses), and left no operational legacy. Its importance is archival, not agronomic.

Cotton gin

The cotton gin is a mechanical seed-removal device invented by Eli Whitney in 1793. It uses wire hooks on a rotating drum to pull cotton fibres through narrow ginning ribs, while a second rotating brush cylinder clears lint to prevent jams. It increased daily lint output from one pound (manual) to 50–55 pounds. This made cotton farming highly profitable, expanded U.S. cotton production, and catalysed a surge in exports—from under 500,000 pounds in 1793 to 93 million pounds by 1810. But it did not reduce overall labour demand. Instead, it shifted the bottleneck to field harvesting, intensifying reliance on enslaved people to pick cotton by hand. Its patent was granted in 1794 but not validated until 1807.

Plough

Threshing machine

The threshing machine was the first agricultural device to mechanise grain separation—but its initial form solved only one step of a three-step process. Meikle’s 1786 invention used velocity-driven fixed beaters to dislodge grain. Early output remained mixed: straw, chaff, and grain formed a single heap. Only with added rakes, shakers, and fanners did it deliver clean, market-ready grain. It reduced labour by ~25%, lifted yield by up to 5%, and cut total processing cost below prior cleaning-only expense. It did not eliminate human oversight. It did not scale without infrastructure. It did not win immediate adoption. It established that mechanisation required integration—not just substitution.

Tractor

The 1892 Froelich tractor is a functional prototype — not a product, not a platform, not a pivot point. It works once, in one place, for one purpose. Its mechanism is clear. Its failure is documented. Its influence is retrospective mythmaking.

Risotto

Diggers

Bonsai cultivation and care

Citroën 2CV

The Citroën 2CV is a French economy car conceived by Pierre Boulanger to motorise rural farmers, featuring innovative engineering, utilitarian design, low cost of ownership, minimal fuel consumption, and a long-travel suspension enabling it to cross ploughed fields without breaking eggs. It was often called 'an umbrella on wheels', introduced Michelin's radial tyres, and over 3.8 million units were produced from 1948 to 1990. Its body style is a fixed-profile convertible; it has an air-cooled engine; layout is front-engine, front-wheel drive; and production spanned 1948–1990.

Land Rover series

The Land Rover Series I is a utilitarian off-road vehicle born from Maurice Wilks’s farm needs in 1947. It introduced mass-produced civilian four-wheel drive with doors and a hard roof. Its box-welded frame and aluminium body prioritised longevity over comfort. It changed expectations of what a post-war utility vehicle could be — and remains defined by what it refused to become.

Tequila

Farm-to-table

Slow Food

Corn on the cob

Balut (food)

Bistecca alla fiorentina

Cachapa

Coconut

Cashmere wool

Cotton

Wool

Cowboy boot

Theobroma cacao

Coffea arabica

Dung beetle

Cherry blossom

Honey bee

Olive

Hevea brasiliensis

Leafcutter ant