China

Dim Sum: A Little Bit of Heart

Dim Sum: A Little Bit of Heart (1985), directed by Wayne Wang, follows Julia, a Chinese immigrant widow in San Francisco, as she navigates the Lunar New Year amid a fortune-teller’s prediction of her death. With gentle precision, the film observes her efforts to arrange her daughter’s marriage and revisit China, all within the rhythms of family meals, mahjong games, and unspoken affection. Starring Cora Miao, Victor Wong, Joan Chen, and Amy Hill, it is a restrained, dialogue-driven drama grounded in behavioural realism and cultural specificity.

Farewell My Concubine

Farewell My Concubine follows two Peking opera performers across five decades of Chinese history. Their artistic partnership and fraught personal bond are tested by war, revolution, and ideological purges. Directed by Chen Kaige and starring Leslie Cheung, Zhang Fengyi, and Gong Li, it uses the formal rigour of opera as both subject and structure — tracing how discipline, repetition, and gesture sustain and ultimately shatter the self.

Once Upon a Time in China II

Tsui Hark’s 1992 sequel follows Jet Li’s Wong Fei-hung through 1895 Canton, where acupuncture seminars are stormed by cultists, British consulates are breached by Qing soldiers, and revolution is passed hand-to-hand on a scrap of cloth. With Arthur Wong’s restrained cinematography and Yuen Woo-ping’s grounded choreography, it frames wuxia not as fantasy but as embodied history — urgent, unresolved, and materially precise.

Once Upon a Time in China III

Once Upon a Time in China III (1993), directed by Tsui Hark, follows Wong Fei-hung to Beijing for a state-sponsored lion dance competition meant to restore Chinese prestige amid foreign imperialism. Jet Li anchors a tightly plotted narrative where choreography, moral choice, and historical constraint converge — culminating in a scaffold battle and a rejected medal. Andrew Lau’s cinematography and Marco Mak’s editing serve clarity over flourish. The film works best when action carries meaning and falters when plot relies on underdeveloped antagonists or external conspiracies.

Once Upon a Time in China IV

Once Upon a Time in China IV (1993) replaces Jet Li with Vincent Zhao and Tsui Hark with Yuen Bun, shifting focus from moral authority to symbolic performance. Set in Beijing during the Boxer Rebellion, it pits Wong Fei-hung against a xenophobic cult and an international lion dance competition rigged by colonial powers. Arthur Wong’s functional cinematography and Yuen Bun’s weapon-focused choreography anchor a thin script, where political stakes remain vague but physical detail — rope, lantern smoke, masked formations — carries real weight.

The Last Emperor

Bernardo Bertolucci’s 1987 epic traces the life of Puyi, last Emperor of China, from infant coronation in the Forbidden City to political re-education in a Communist prison. Shot on location in Beijing with unprecedented access, it uses scale, silence and ritual to explore how systems — imperial, colonial, fascist, communist — inscribe themselves on a single body. John Lone stars, supported by Joan Chen, Peter O'Toole and a cast of thousands. Vittorio Storaro’s cinematography and Ryuichi Sakamoto’s score anchor its formal rigour. It won nine Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.

Drunken Master II

Drunken Master II is a 1994 Hong Kong martial arts film directed by Lau Kar-leung and starring Jackie Chan as Wong Fei-hung. Set in early 20th-century Canton, it follows Wong’s moral and physical trial after accidentally acquiring an Imperial Seal targeted by British colonial agents. Built around formally distinct fight scenes — Hung Ga, Shaolin, Drunken Boxing, Taekwondo — the film anchors comedy in consequence and action in lineage. Its unflinching final image of Wong’s disability remains controversial, but its choreographic rigour and ethical structure mark it as a high point of the genre.

Raise the Red Lantern

A 1991 Mandarin-language period drama directed by Zhang Yimou and adapted by Ni Zhen from Su Tong’s novella, Raise the Red Lantern follows Songlian (Gong Li), a young woman forced into becoming the fourth wife of a wealthy patriarch in 1920s Republican China. Set within the rigid confines of the Qiao Family Compound, the film charts her gradual subjection to a system where status is signalled by red lanterns, nightly visits, and foot massages — all governed by unspoken rules and silent hierarchies. Zhao Fei’s cinematography, Zhao Jiping’s score and Gong Li’s restrained performance cohere into a portrait of enclosure, repetition and eroded agency.

1911 Revolution

The 1911 Revolution ended the Qing dynasty and founded the Republic of China. Its success rested on military defection, not mass mobilisation. Its institutions collapsed because they lacked independent authority — Yuan Shikai controlled the army, not the constitution. It changed the form of rule but not the distribution of power.

1931 China floods

The 1931 China floods were a meteorologically driven, multi-phase disaster spanning June–August 1931 across China — especially Wuhan and Nanjing — culminating in a dike breach at Lake Gaoyou on 25 August. Verified evidence includes hydrological extremes (record water levels, nine cyclones in July, >600 mm rainfall), systematic fatality estimation (University of Nanking survey, official reports), institutional responses (National Flood Relief Commission, League of Nations, Lindbergh aerial survey), and disease outcomes (31,974 cholera deaths in 1932). Disputed claims include total death tolls: Buck’s survey estimated 150,000 drowned — less than a quarter of all fatalities in the first 100 days — while an official report claimed 140,000 drowned and 2 million dead from drowning or starvation. No source reconciles these figures with the verified cholera toll or provides demographic corroboration. The event exposed limits of Kuomintang governance and flood-control infrastructure but did not trigger structural reform.

Kublai Khan

Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, won a civil war against his brother to become Great Khan in 1260, founded the Yuan dynasty in 1271 by moving the Mongol capital to modern Beijing, and completed the conquest of Southern Song China by 1279 to become the first non-Han ruler of all China. He governed through a deliberate blend of Chinese administrative practice and Mongol tradition that satisfied neither group fully, issued some of the earliest widespread paper currency before inflation undermined it, and launched two failed invasions of Japan, in 1274 and 1281, the second involving roughly 4,400 ships and 140,000 troops, that a modern archaeologist has argued failed partly because the fleet was built in a fraction of the time such construction normally required.

Mao Zedong

From a Hunan peasant household to chairman of the Chinese Communist Party for over three decades, Mao Zedong built his power on a rural strategy Marxist orthodoxy had dismissed, then used control of propaganda and education to shape how his rule would be remembered. His decades in office combined rapid industrialisation and literacy gains with famine and political purges whose full toll remains disputed. Assessments of his legacy still split sharply between accounts of a nation-builder and a mass killer.

Qin Shi Huang

Qin Shi Huang unified China by 221 BC after conquering the six remaining Warring States, took the newly created title of emperor, and standardised the empire's writing, currency, weights and measures while organising it into centrally administered commanderies rather than hereditary fiefs, reforms whose influence Sinologist Michael Loewe has argued shaped Chinese history until 1911. He also conscripted enormous labour forces for the early Great Wall and his own vast mausoleum, discovered in part through the Terracotta Army unearthed in 1974, and died in 210 BC, probably in his forty-ninth year, while still searching for an elixir of immortality, leaving behind a reputation as a brutal tyrant that historians now trace largely to Sima Qian's history, written roughly a century later for the dynasty that had replaced his own.

Sun Yat-sen

Educated abroad and converted to a republican vision far removed from Qing officialdom, Sun Yat-sen spent most of two decades in exile organising failed uprisings and stitching together revolutionary factions before the 1911 Wuchang mutiny succeeded without his direct involvement. He returned to a brief provisional presidency, then years of political struggle to rebuild influence in southern China. His ideology outlived his limited direct power, and both the Nationalist and Communist governments that later divided China still honour him as their founding figure.

Boxer Indemnity Scholarship

Boxer Rebellion

The Boxer Rebellion grew through 1899 and 1900 from economic distress, foreign encroachment and resentment of missionary privilege in northern China, as members of the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, believing rituals made them invulnerable to bullets, besieged foreign legations in Beijing for fifty-five days from 20 June to 14 August 1900. An Eight-Nation Alliance of roughly 51,000 troops relieved the siege and then carried out extensive looting and reprisal killings across Beijing and the surrounding countryside, and the resulting Boxer Protocol of September 1901 imposed an indemnity of 450 million taels of silver payable over 39 years, a sum exceeding the Qing government's annual tax revenue and a debt that historians credit with accelerating the reforms that led to the dynasty's collapse a decade later.

Zheng He

Blade & Soul

Blade & Soul is a Wuxia-themed MMORPG developed and published by NCSoft. Launched in June 2012, it was NCSoft’s first MMORPG since Aion in 2008. It features open-world exploration, real-time combo-based combat, four folklore-inspired races, and extensive character customisation.

Angang Steel

China Biologic Products

Trina Solar

DiDi

DiDi is a Chinese mobility technology company founded in 2012 by Cheng Wei in Beijing. It offers ride-hailing, taxi dispatch, bike sharing, vehicle leasing, food delivery, automobile services, and electric vehicle development. It merged with Kuaidi Dache in 2015 and acquired Uber China in 2016. It listed on the NYSE in June 2021 and was delisted in June 2022 after a $1.2 billion fine and app removal over data security concerns.

JA Solar Holdings

Shanghai Pharmaceuticals

Baowu

China National Petroleum Corporation

China Mobile

Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation

Lenovo

Peking University

Ink wash painting

Cosmopolitanism

Ai Weiwei

National Museum of China

Laozi

Woodblock printing

Consumer culture of China

Chop suey

Dongpo pork

Koah-pau

Ló͘-bah-pn̄g

Roujiamo

Cong you bing

Shengjian mantou

Shumai